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closing, while several smaller ones opened.
As a result, we discarded this as a measure
of stability.
We noted that check frequency was
s
lightly lower in creosote treated samples,
although the variation was high.
All samples behaved similarly in terms of
checking, and this would allow us to use
much smaller samples to produce the same
results in a standard test.
Conclusions
Check frequency and water repellency can
be assessed on small samples. While there
were some differences in degree of checking
among the sample dimensions, smaller sam-
ples could be wetted more rapidly and would
simplify sample fabrication and treatment.
Tests are planned with other preservatives
to assess the validity of the procedures
and develop better estimates of sample
replication.
■
ABOUT THE AUTHORS: H. Greeley
Beck is a former graduate research assistant;
Jeffrey J. Morrell is a professor at Oregon
State University; and David A. Webb of
Webb Consultants heads up The Creosote
Council.
Acknowledgements
The senior author gratefully acknowledges
Koppers Inc. for supporting this work.
Literature Cited
American Wood Protection Association (AWPA).
2012. Standard E13. Standard method of testing to
determine the water repellency of pressure treated
lumber of pressure applied water repellents. In:
AWPA Annual Book of Standards. Birmingham,
AL. Page 465.
Conners, T. 2008. Producing and Inspecting
Railroad Crossties. University of Kentucky
College of Agriculture Cooperative Extension,
Lexington, Kentucky.
National Wood Window and Door Association
(NWWDA). 1999. Swellometer Test: NWWDA
Test Method to Determine the Water Repellent
Effectiveness of Treating Formulations.
Des Plaines, Illinois.
Railway Tie Association. 2014. Tie Report.
Fayetteville, GA, 2014. http://www.rta.org/assets/
docs/TieReports/tiereport1.pdf.
Simpson, W. T. 1991. Dry Kiln Operator's
Manual. US Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Agriculture
Handbook No. 188. Madison, Wisconsin.
USDA. 2010. Wood Handbook: Wood as an
engineering Material. General Technical Report
FPL-GTR 190. Forest Products Laboratory,
Madison, Wisconsin. 508 p.
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